I lost the first round of the High Stakes quest in Witcher 3. However, Collect 'Em All does not fail in the quest. Can I get the cards I did not get in the High Stakes quest again later? Or please let me know if it's just a quest bug?

No, you only get one chance at getting the High Stakes leader cards.
If you want all the cards, you will have to load an earlier save, or give yourself the cards with the console.
I'm not sure if "Collect Em All" ever shows as failed, or if it just remains active and can't be completed.
You also only get one chance at the Vegelbud Ball Tournament cards, so save before playing there too.

additem('gwint_card_emhyr_gold')
additem('gwint_card_foltest_gold')
additem('gwint_card_francesca_gold')
additem('gwint_card_eredin_gold')