In the top right corner of a post next to the Reply button, you can see a
Rate + button. There used to be a
Rate - button as well. Since the latter was abused via user scripts and such, it was removed along with the reputation that was publicly visible underneath each username. As you've discovered, users can now only see their own reputation under
My Settings.
10 reputation is required to post links. It's not terribly useful as anti-spam measure, since example.com/whatever still goes through. It's an irritation for people who got stuck with negative reputation due to abuse more than anything.
If 5 or more people
Rate + your post, it gets marked
high rated.
If the thread starter selects one of your posts as the solution to a question thread, that nets you 5 reputation.
Posting nets you 1 reputation per day, regardless of the number of posts.